Pigmentation arise when the skin produces excess melanin, which gives skin its color. Melanin is created by melanocyte cells in the basal layer of the epidermis. When the melanocytes become more active, dark patches or spots can form on the skin.

Several factors stimulate melanin. Sun exposure is a major one, leading to the development of freckles, age spots, and melasma. Hormonal changes from pregnancy or birth control can also trigger excess melanin, particularly in women.

Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is common after acne breakouts, wounds, and other skin trauma. The inflammation process triggers more melanin to create dark spots as the skin heals.

Those with darker skin tones are more prone to hyperpigmentation since their melanocytes are naturally more active. Genetic predispositions, medications, and health conditions like Addison’s disease additionally influence melanin production.